This deconditioning due to a lack of adequate loading can be observed in different scenarios: it is a problem for astronauts whose bodies are no longer subjected to gravitational loading 7, it is also true for elderly, especially if ill and bed-ridden 8, and becomes an increasing problem in modern societies with a predominantly sedentary lifestyle 2. It has also been established that it can lead to decreased mobility, reduced capacity for activities of daily living, impaired quality of living, falls and fractures 6. Physical inactivity can have strong deconditioning effects on the human body, in particular on bones, muscles and the cardiovascular system 1, 2, in severe cases even leading to osteoporosis 3, sarcopenia 4 and cardiovascular diseases 5. Consequently, we recommend jump training as a very time-efficient and effective type of exercise for astronauts on long-term space missions, the elderly and sedentary populations in general. The jump training group showed no significant changes with respect to these indicators of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health after 60 days of bed rest, whereas the control group exhibited substantial losses: up to −2.6% in tibial bone mineral content and density, −5% in leg lean mass, −40% in maximal knee extension torque and −29% in peak oxygen uptake. In this randomized controlled study with 23 healthy participants, we established that a short, intensive jump training program can prevent the large musculoskeletal and cardiovascular deconditioning effects caused by two months of physical inactivity during bed rest, particularly the loss of bone mineral mass and density, lean muscle mass, maximal leg strength and peak oxygen uptake. Regular exercise would be a logical remedy, but the generally recommended high-volume endurance and strength training programs require a lot of time and equipment. It can lead to impaired quality of life, loss of autonomy, falls and fractures. Physical inactivity leads to a deconditioning of the skeletal, neuromuscular and cardiovascular system.
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